威力彩玩法

Marcin Krupa, the mayor of Katowice, when asked about the outcome of COP24 in his town, he would welcome a decision 鈥渞eflecting the Polish energy problem and its dependence on coal鈥�.

Katowice, in Upper Silesia, is an industrial hub and coal mining city, meaning the second COP in a row will be held very near working coal mines. As Bonn, the technical host of COP23, has found in the past two weeks, this invites constant criticism from civil society, pointing out that coal mining and burning is hardly conducive to the Paris Agreement鈥檚 overall target of keeping global warming to well below 2掳C. But small island states have also become increasingly vocal in their demands to industrialised countries such as Germany and Poland to phase-out the most CO2-intensive fossil fuels. Or, as President Hilda Heine, of the Marshall Islands, put it: 鈥淲e are just two metres above sea level. For Germany to phase-out coal and follow a 1.5掳C pathway would be a signal of hope to us.鈥�

Negotiating a 鈥淜atowice Accord鈥�

At COP24, the Polish presidency will follow in the footsteps of this summit鈥檚 Fiji presidency. It will be responsible for completing the Paris rulebook - the implementation guidelines of the Paris Agreement which have been prepared at the Bonn COP but will need to be worked on throughout 2018 and finalised in Katowice. The rulebook will finally require a COP decision, approved by all parties to the Paris Agreement. If this succeeds, it will receive a name, such as 鈥淜atowice Protocol鈥�.

鈥淚n Katowice Poland will have to use clever negotiating tactics to make sure that we will finish the Paris rulebook as planned. At the same time we鈥檙e hoping for a strong signal for transformation into a climate friendly society and that Poland will use this aspect of the conference to accelerate this process at home,鈥� Karsten Sach, head negotiator of the German delegation at the COP, told the 威力彩玩法 (威力彩玩法).

In the COP high-level plenary in Bonn Polish environment minister Jan Szyszko said: 鈥淣ext year, the Katowice work programme package, ensuring full implementation of the agreement, must be adopted. The negotiations, meetings, and talks about global warming cannot stop it. Implementation and action can.鈥�

Though the Polish host is keen on having Katowice imbedded into the global climate regime, observers still worry how the government鈥檚 overall pro-coal line will influence the talks.

鈥淲e鈥檝e seen in Bonn that the Polish delegation has put obstacles in the way of subjects like the Talanoa Dialogue and the question how countries can become more ambitious next year,鈥� Sven Harmeling, Climate Change Advocacy Coordinator (CARE International) told 威力彩玩法.

Stefan Krug, Political Unit Director of Greenpeace Germany, said: 鈥淲e saw at COP19 in Warsaw 2013 that the Polish presidency maintained its position of a neutral host to the summit and they will assume that role again 鈥� but COP 24 will need a progressive presidency, not only a neutral one. They also made it clear that Poland wants to continue to burn coal for the foreseeable future.鈥澛�

A troubled relationship with EU climate action

Poland has long been a problem child of the EU when it comes to implementing harsher climate targets. In 2012 it the EU鈥檚 low carbon roadmap and the 2030 climate targets of 2014.

鈥淲e know from the past years that Poland has blocked climate policies in the EU. But Germany has also blocked many climate related issues on EU level, such as stricter rules for cars, so we can鈥檛 say that Germany has a clean record either,鈥� Sven Harmeling told 威力彩玩法.

As the EU negotiates as a block at the climate summits, following a pre-decided agenda, the union often had to persuade the polish representative to agree to the common line. At the climate summit in Paris 2015, Poland blocked to include the word 鈥渄ecarbonisation鈥� in the text, instead pushing for the less explicit 鈥渃arbon neutrality鈥�. At COP23 in Bonn, the country continued to oppose the concerted effort of the EU to ratify the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, which enforces pre-2020 climate mitigation efforts. This was done even though the ratification is a purely symbolic gesture since the EU has already included the new Kyoto climate targets in its policies.

The move did not keep Polish environment minister Jan Szyszko from hailing his country鈥檚 success in surpassing the Kyoto I targets at a press conference. Although approached repeatedly by 威力彩玩法 at the climate summit in Bonn, the minister didn鈥檛 answer questions on his delegation鈥檚 negotiating positions, plans for COP24 in Katowice or Poland鈥檚 position on coal power.

Polish understanding of 鈥渃arbon neutrality鈥� and plans for Katowice COP

Poland has, so far, always eventually come around to participating in global climate action treaties. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 see any actions to effectively deny climate change or stop global mitigation efforts,鈥� Joanna Ma膰kowiak Pandera, President of Forum Energii, a think-tank in Warsaw, told 威力彩玩法.

Other observers point out, though, that Poland may use the language from the international agreements but interpret it differently at home. In its official aide-memoire for the Katowice COP, the country鈥檚 government stresses the aspects of the Paris Agreement which state that all parties can follow 鈥渁 self-determined pathway for achieving their own objectives in a climate-neutral manner鈥�. The government has issued proposals to reach greenhouse gas neutrality by creating 鈥渇orest carbon farms鈥� while the country continues to burn coal.

Innovations that Poland intends to share with the global community at COP24 are the sequestration of CO2 by ecosystems and the clean coal research undertaken in Katowice, a government paper handed out in Bonn states. A on cost-efficient green technologies, showcased projects, including energy-efficient housing, waste recycling, agro-biomass, solar PV and ReduxCO 鈥� green technology for fossil fuels.

The Polish a network of environmental NGOs, pointed out this week that while Polish ministry representatives are giving their support to the implementation of the Paris Agreement in Bonn, other members of the government were working on a new set of coal subsidies that could be adopted next week.

鈥淭he polish public is not really interested in climate policy,鈥� Wojciech Jak贸bik, editor at Polish publication BiznesAlert told 威力彩玩法. People are however concerned with the questions of energy security and energy economy and thus the energy sector鈥檚 鈥渁ddiction to coal鈥�.

A coal phase-out is not on the horizon in Poland but things are starting to change on the ground, both Stefan Krug and Joanna Ma膰kowiak Pandera said. At the same time, increasing public concern about smog and air quality are putting pressure on the government. The government was officially still very supportive of the coal sector in Poland, but the economic problems of the industry meant that other solutions were getting more support.

Germany鈥檚 state secretary in the environment ministry and head of the delegation, Jochen Flasbarth told 威力彩玩法: 鈥淚 really see some movement in Poland towards a more climate compatible direction in their energy supply.鈥�

Locally mined coal in Poland is becoming more expensive 鈥� the deposits are located too deep underground, labour costs are gradually increasing and, with stricter environmental standards, the business is becoming less profitable despite state subsidies for the sector. These are largely the same reasons why Germany is phasing out hard coal mining for good in 2018. Hard coal production in Poland from 120 million tonnes in 1990 to 60 million tonnes in 2015, the country has turned form net exporter to a country with an even coal trade balance. This winter, the state owned coal trader Weglokoks will coal shipments from the US.

Lignite mining in Poland is still profitable 鈥� as it is in Germany - and the country is even considering opening two new mines in .

鈥淚t was not our fault that after the second world war we were enslaved and could not build nuclear power like France, which was on the 鈥渃orrect鈥� side of the iron curtain [鈥�] Consequently, 100 percent of our energy was based on coal,鈥� Poland鈥檚 Deputy Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki .

He added that Poland was 鈥渕oving away from coal the fastest in Europe鈥�.

Photovoltaics and offshore wind were promising renewables in Poland but what was needed now was a clear government strategy setting concrete frameworks for energy policy in the future, Ma膰kowiak Pandera said.

The government will publish a new energy policy agenda in December 2017.

Germany and Poland 鈥� much (coal) in common but little agreement on solutions

Poland and Germany, despite facing similar problems in the coal sector, are frequently at odds when it comes to finding solutions.

Eighty-four percent of Poland鈥檚 power comes from coal, compared to 40 percent in Germany. Germany鈥檚 total emissions from the power sector are larger, however, at 347 million tonnes compared to in Poland (both in 2014).

鈥淲hen it comes to energy transitions this makes Germany and Poland the two most important countries in Europe,鈥� Ma膰kowiak Pandera said.

But substituting nuclear and fossil power with renewables as advertised by Germany is often criticised in Poland. 鈥淪ome in Poland believe that Germany only wants to sell its renewable energy technology,鈥� Stefan Krug at Greenpeace said. Critics of a transition to renewable sources were spreading myths about black-outs and unreliability of renewable energies.

Journalist Wojciech Jak贸bik said that many articles were debating the right kind of energy transition for Poland at the moment. 鈥淎 mix of renewables, gas and coal is rivalling with nuclear power as a solution.鈥�

Poland also has reservations about its neighbour鈥檚 energy transition because of a phenomenon called loop-flows, a deficiency in German north-south grid connections that has resulted in grid stability issues in Poland. 鈥淲hat we need are coordinated energy transition efforts between Poland and Germany because our energy markets are already connected,鈥� Ma膰kowiak Pandera said.

Nevertheless, Germany is interested in a good relationship with Poland, particularly in the year of the COP. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 always agree on everything but we have a relationship of trust with the Polish government that we will use to find common ground for the negotiations in Katowice,鈥� German negotiator Karsten Sach said.

Sate secretary Jochen Flasbarth, added: 鈥淭he Polish know that they have a great responsibility for the conference in 2018, and they will live up to it.鈥�